In the spring of 1865 a combined force of Ngāti Porou and settler troops defeated a Pai Mārire force near Tūranga (Gisborne). One member of this force was Te Kooti Arikirangi Te Tūruki, who was accused of spying for Pai Mārire during the siege.
Like his father, King Tawhiao opposed the war in Taranaki. The government, however, remained unconvinced. In July 1860 Governor Gore Browne sought to isolate the Kingitanga and its supporters when he invited about 200 chiefs to a conference at Kohimarama near Auckland. Those deemed to be rebellious, from areas such as Taranaki and Waikato, were not invited. The conference reaffirmed the Treaty of Waitangi and the sovereignty of Queen Victoria, but those present did not endorse the government's line in Taranaki. Nor did they condemn the Kingitanga.
Riwha Tītokowaru was born near Ōkaiawa, north-west of Hāwera, around 1823. He belonged to Ngāti Manuhiakai hapū of Ngā Ruahine, a section of Ngāti Ruanui of which his father Hōri Kīngi Tītokowaru was a principal leader.