1864 Pai Mārire ambush in Taranaki

On the morning of 6 April a small British force left a redoubt at Kaitake, about 15 km south-west of New Plymouth. Under the command of Captain Thomas Lloyd, the patrol comprised No. 1 Company (Grenadiers) of the 57th Regiment and No. 9 Company, Taranaki Military Settlers. Its task was to destroy all Maori crops found in the area. The force split into two and while the main body waited for the return of the second party it was ambushed by Pai Mārire warriors at Te Ahuahu, near the present-day town of Ōakura. Seven soldiers were killed and 12 wounded. Those killed were decapitated and their heads carried off by Pai Mārire disciples. These heads were then taken from tribe to tribe in order to enlist recruits. Māori witnesses later claimed that Lloyd’s head was taken by Kereopa Te Rau across the island to Ōpōtiki in eastern Bay of Plenty. The head of another slain soldier, Private Gallagher, was allegedly taken to the area between Gisborne and East Cape by another Pai Mārire prophet, Patara Raukatauri.

Pai Mārire had emerged in 1862 in response to the conflict over land in Taranaki. Its founder, Te Ua Haumēne, based the new religion on the principle of pai mārire – goodness and peace. He called his church Hauhau: Te Hau (the breath of God) carried the news of deliverance to the faithful. The terms Pai Mārire and Hauhau became interchangeable as labels for those who followed this religion. Against a backdrop of war and land confiscation, the founding principle of Pai Mārire was often subverted by violent elements, as in the case of the ambush at Te Ahuahu.

To most Europeans, Pai Mārire was synonymous with fanaticism and barbarism. They saw it as a fundamentally anti-European religion. Many Māori also opposed the movement, fearing that it would undermine the sovereignty of iwi.